Dossier overview
4
research areas
3
references
3
handling notes
01
Mechanism of action
Tβ4 is a primary intracellular G- sequestering peptide, and research literature also describes extracellular roles in cellular migration, ROCK1 modulation, and tissue-remodelling pathways in cardiac, neural, and developmental models.
02
Research applications
- cytoskeleton studies
- and developmental biology research
- Cardiac remodelling models
- Neurodevelopmental and organoid research
03
Study references
Each profile cites a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources, with model type and reported sample size where the source provides it. Findings are model-specific and must not be extrapolated to therapeutic use.
Thymosin β4 and β10 Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review
2024
Faa G et al. · Cells
- Model
- Narrative review (human tissue expression literature)
- Sample
- N/A (review)
Reviewed proteomic and immunohistochemical studies of Tβ4 and Tβ10 expression across human organs from fetal development through postnatal stages.
Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals
2025
Maar K et al. · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Model
- In vivo — C57BL/6J male mice (LAD coronary ligation); in vitro human cardiac cells
- Sample
- ~48–60 mice across sub-experiments (microarray n=4/group/timepoint; PCR n=4; Western blot n=3; IHC n=3); in vitro n=3 per cell type
Tβ4 treatment was associated with increased miR-139-5p, modulated ROCK1 protein levels, and reduced fibroblast transformation in infarcted heart tissue.
Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids
2025
Zeng PM et al. · Stem Cell Reports
- Model
- In vitro — human iPSC cerebral organoids (3 iPSC lines: 2 familial AD + 1 control); in vivo — 5xFAD transgenic mice
- Sample
- ≥13 organoids per group across 4 independent experiments; AAV-GFP n=9 mice, AAV-TMSB4X n=7 mice; electrophysiology ≥10 neurons from ≥3 mice per group
Tβ4 was associated with rescue of neuronal maturation deficits and reduced amyloid-β formation in the organoid and transgenic-mouse systems used.
Evidence caveats
- Although Tβ4 is endogenously expressed in humans, synthetic Tβ4 products marketed under names such as 'TB-500' are not equivalent to approved therapeutics.
- Findings from organoid and rodent models do not establish clinical efficacy.
04
Storage and handling
Store in clearly labelled research inventory under appropriate temperature and contamination-control procedures.
- Use clear labelling when comparing native peptide and material.
- Keep study notes separate for source material and synthetic material.
- Record storage condition and sample preparation history.
05
Related reading
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